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what does it mean to be far left in politics

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Politics beyond the standard political left

Far-left politics are politics further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left. In that location are different definitions of the far-left. Some scholars define it as representing the left of social commonwealth, while others limit information technology to the left of communist parties. In sure instances, especially in the news media, far-left has been associated with some forms of absolutism, riot, and communism, or it characterizes groups that advocate for revolutionary socialism, Marxism and related communist ideologies, anti-capitalism, and/or anti-globalization.

Extremist far-left politics tin involve politically-motivated violent acts, such as radicalization, terrorism, and the formation of far-left militant organizations.[1] [ii] Far-left terrorism consists of militant and/or insurgent groups that try to realize their ideals and bring about change through political violence rather than traditional political processes.[ane] [two] In improver, governments ruled by political parties who either self-describe or are identified by scholars as far-left have caused political repression, indoctrination, xenophobia, and mass killings.[3] [four] [5]

Definition [edit]

The definition of the far-left varies in the literature and there is not a general agreement on what it entails or consensus on the core characteristics that constitute the far-left, other than existence to the left of the political left. In France, extrême-gauche ("extreme left") is a mostly accepted term for political groups that position themselves to the left of the Socialist Party, although some such as the political scientist Serge Cosseron limit the telescopic to the left of the French Communist Party.[half-dozen]

Scholars such equally Luke March and Cas Mudde suggest that socio-economic rights are at the far-left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde fence that the far-left is to the left of the political left with regard to how parties or groups depict economic inequality on the base of operations of existing social and political arrangements.[seven] Luke March, Senior Lecturer in Soviet and mail-Soviet Politics at Politics and International Relations of the University of Edinburgh, defines the far-left as those who position themselves to the left of social democracy, which is seen as either insufficiently left-wing,[8] or as defending the social autonomous tradition that is perceived to accept been lost.[9]

The 2 principal sub-types of far-left politics are called "the radical left" and "the extreme left"; the showtime desires fundamental changes in neoliberal capitalism and progressive reform of democracy such as direct democracy and the inclusion of marginalised communities,[10] while the latter denounces liberal democracy equally a "compromise with conservative political forces" and defines commercialism more strictly.[7] Far-left politics is seen every bit radical politics because it calls for primal change to the backer socio-economic structure of lodge.[11]

March and Mudde say that far-left parties are an increasingly stabilized political actor and are challenging mainstream social democratic parties, defining other cadre characteristics of far-left politics as beingness internationalism and a focus on networking and solidarity as well as opposition to globalization and neoliberalism.[11] In his subsequently conceptualization, March started to refer to far-left politics equally "radical left politics", which is constituted of radical left parties that reject the socio-economic structures of contemporary society that are based on the principles and values of capitalism.[12]

Radical left parties [edit]

In Europe, the support for far-left politics comes from iii overlapping groups, namely far-left subcultures, disaffected social democrats, and protestation voters—those who are opposed to their state'southward European Union membership.[xiii] To distinguish the far-left from the moderate left, Luke March and Cas Mudde identify iii useful criteria:[fourteen] [15]

  • Firstly, the far-left rejects the underlying socio-economical structure of gimmicky commercialism.[sixteen]
  • Secondly, they advocate alternative economical and ability structures that involve the redistribution of income and wealth from political elites.[16]
  • Thirdly, they are internationalists, seeing a causality between imperialism and globalization, and regional socio-economic issues.[17]

Other scholars classify the far-left under the category of populist socialist parties.[18] Vít Hloušek and Lubomír Kopeček of the Masaryk Academy at the International Institute of Political Science suggest secondary characteristics, including anti-Americanism, anti-globalization, opposition to NATO, and in some cases a rejection of European integration.[17]

March states that "compared with the international communist motion thirty years ago, the far left has undergone a process of profound de-radicalization. The extreme left is marginal in nigh places." March identifies four major subgroups inside gimmicky European far-left politics, namely communists, democratic socialists, populist socialists, and social populists.[19] In a later conception of far-left politics, March writes: "I adopt the term 'radical left' to alternatives such as 'hard left' and 'far left', which tin can appear pejorative and imply that the left is necessarily marginal." According to March, the about successful far-left parties are businesslike and non-ideological.[20]

According to political scientist Paolo Chiocchetti, radical left parties accept failed to concretise an alternative to neoliberalism and lead a paradigm shift towards a different path of development model, despite balloter gains in the 2010s;[21] when they were in government, such parties were forced to put bated their strong anti-neoliberalism and have neoliberal policies, either proposed by their larger allies or imposed due to the international context.[22] This view is also shared by Mudde[23] and political scientist Yiannos Katsourides in regards to SYRIZA.[24]

Far-left militants [edit]

Many far-left militant organizations were formed by members of existing political parties in the 1960s and 1970s,[25] [26] [27] among them Montoneros, Prima Linea, the Cherry-red Army Faction, the Red Brigades, and the New People's Regular army.[26] [28] [29] [30] These groups by and large aimed to overthrow capitalism and the wealthy ruling classes.[31] [32] [33]

See too [edit]

  • Autonomism
  • Hard left
  • List of anti-backer and communist parties with national parliamentary representation
  • Moonbat
  • Ultra-leftism

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Rossi, Federica (April 2021). Treiber, Kyle (ed.). "The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations betwixt (de)politicization and punitiveness". European Journal of Criminology. Los Angeles and London: SAGE Publications on behalf of the European Society of Criminology. doi:ten.1177/14773708211008441. ISSN 1741-2609. S2CID 234835036. The 1970s in Italia were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the tardily 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of far-left extra-parliamentary organizations, the presence of a militant far correct movement, and an upsurge in the employ of politically motivated violence and state repressive measures. The increasing militarization and the use of political violence, from sabotage and harm to holding, to kidnappings and targeted assassinations, were justified by left-wing groups both as necessary ways to reach a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a neo-fascist coup.
  2. ^ a b el-Ojeili, Chamsy; Taylor, Dylan (September 2018). Cheng, Enfu; Schweickart, David; Andreani, Tony (eds.). "The Revaluation of All Values: Extremism, The Ultra-Left, and Revolutionary Anthropology". International Critical Idea. Taylor & Francis on behalf of the of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. 8 (3): 410–425. doi:10.1080/21598282.2018.1506262. eISSN 2159-8312. ISSN 2159-8282.
  3. ^ McClosky & Chong 1985, p. 331.
  4. ^ Kopyciok & Silvery 2021.
  5. ^ Chen & Lee 2007, p. 471.
  6. ^ Cosseron 2007, p. 20.
  7. ^ a b March & Mudde 2005.
  8. ^ Liebman & Miliband 1985.
  9. ^ March 2008, p. 1: "The far left is becoming the primary challenge to mainstream social autonomous parties, in large part because its main parties are no longer extreme, but present themselves equally defending the values and policies that social democrats have allegedly abandoned."
  10. ^ Dunphy 2004.
  11. ^ a b March 2012b.
  12. ^ Holzer & Mareš 2016, p. 57.
  13. ^ Smaldone 2013, p. 304.
  14. ^ March & Mudde 2005, p. 25.
  15. ^ Hloušek & Kopeček 2010, pp. 45–46.
  16. ^ a b Hloušek & Kopeček 2010, p. 45.
  17. ^ a b Hloušek & Kopeček 2010, p. 46.
  18. ^ Katsambekis & Kioupkiolis 2019, p. 82.
  19. ^ March 2008, p. 3.
  20. ^ March 2012a, p. 1724.
  21. ^ Chiocchetti 2016, pp. 1–6.
  22. ^ Chiocchetti 2016, "Filling the vacuum? The trajectory of the contemporary radical left in Western Europe".
  23. ^ Mudde 2016.
  24. ^ Katsourides 2020.
  25. ^ Pedahzur, Perliger & Weinberg 2009, p. 53.
  26. ^ a b Clark 2018, pp. thirty–42, 48–59.
  27. ^ Balz 2015, pp. 297–314.
  28. ^ Raufer 1993.
  29. ^ The Irish gaelic Times, 22 Apr 1998: "German language detectives yesterday confirmed as authentic a declaration past the Scarlet Army Faction (RAF) terrorist group that its struggle to overthrow the German state is over."
  30. ^ Chaliand 2010, pp. 227–257.
  31. ^ CISAC 2008: "The PL [Prima Linea] sought to overthrow the backer state in Italy and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat."
  32. ^ Ballaran, Jhoanna (5 December 2017). "Duterte declares CPP, NPA every bit terrorist organizations". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on six December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  33. ^ "Proclamation No. 374, s. 2017" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2020.

Bibliography [edit]

Literature
  • Chiocchetti, Paolo (2016). The Radical Left Political party Family in Western Europe, 1989–2015 (E-book ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-one-317-22186-9 . Retrieved xix Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Dunphy, Richard (2004). Contesting Capitalism?: Left Parties and European Integration (paperback ed.). Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. ISBN978-0-719-06804-1 . Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Katsambekis, Giorgos; Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (2019). The Populist Radical Left in Europe (E-book ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-1-351-72048-ix . Retrieved nineteen Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Kopyciok, Svenja; Silverish, Hilary (June 2021). "Left-Wing Xenophobia in Europe". Frontiers in Sociology. six: 2. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.666717. PMC8222516. PMID 34179182.
  • March, Luke; Mudde, Cas (1 Apr 2005). "What'south Left of the Radical Left? The European Radical Left Afterwards 1989: Decline and Mutation". Comparative European Politics. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. 3 (ane): 23–49. doi:ten.1057/palgrave.cep.6110052. ISSN 1740-388X. S2CID 55197396. Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via ResearchGate.
  • March, Luke (2008). Gimmicky Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? (PDF). Berlin, Germany: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. ISBN978-3-868-72000-6 . Retrieved three June 2017 – via Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • March, Luke (2012a). Radical Left Parties in Europe (E-volume ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-1-136-57897-7 . Retrieved xix Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • March, Luke (September 2012b). "Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Notwithstanding a World to Win?". International Critical Idea. London, England: Routledge. 2 (3): 314–339. doi:10.1080/21598282.2012.706777. S2CID 154948426.
  • McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (1985). "Similarities and Differences between Left-Wing and Correct-Wing Radicals". British Journal of Political Science. 15 (three): 331. doi:ten.1017/S0007123400004221. JSTOR 193697. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
Further reading
  • Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Credo and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared (1st hardback ed.). London, England: Roitledge. ISBN978-0-754-67840-three . Retrieved xix Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Holzer, Jan; Mareš, Miroslav (2016). Challenges to Democracies in East Central Europe (1st hardback ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-1-138-65596-6 . Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Liebman, Marcel; Miliband, Ralph (1985). "Beyond Social Democracy". The Socialist Register. London, England: Merlin Press. 22: 476–489. Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Marxists Net Annal.
  • Norwood, Stephen H. (2013). Antisemitism and the American Far Left (paperback ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:ten.1017/CBO9781139565806. ISBN978-ane-107-65700-7. S2CID 153120694. Retrieved xix Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Cosseron, Serge (2007). Dictionnaire de l'extrême gauche (paperback ed.). Paris, France: Larousse. ISBN978-2-035-82620-six . Retrieved nineteen November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Smaldone, William (eight August 2013). European Socialism: A Concise History with Documents. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN978-i-4422-0909-1.
Radical left parties case studies
  • Chen, Cheng; Lee, Ji-Yong (Dec 2007). "Making sense of North Korea: "National Stalinism" in comparative-historical perspective". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. xl (iv): 459–475. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.x.003. JSTOR 48609679. Retrieved nine January 2022.
  • Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (March 2016). "Podemos: The Cryptic Promises of Left-wing Populism in Contemporary Kingdom of spain". Journal of Political Ideologies. London, England: Routledge. 21 (2): 99–120. doi:10.1080/13569317.2016.1150136. S2CID 147247286. Retrieved 21 Nov 2021 – via ResearchGate.
  • Katsourides, Yannos (2016). Radical Left Parties in Authorities: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL (hadrback ed.). London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/978-i-137-58841-8. ISBN978-1-137-58840-i . Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Katsourides, Yiannos (2020). "Radical Left". In Featherstone, Kevin; Sotiropolous, Dimitri A. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Modernistic Greek Politics (hardcover ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Printing. pp. 299–315. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825104.013.nineteen. ISBN978-0-198-82510-4 . Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Mudde, Cas (2016). SYRIZA: The Failure of the Populist Promise (E-book ed.). London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-3-319-47479-3 . Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via Google Books.
Terrorism
  • Balz, Hanno (2015). "Section Iii: Terrorism in the Twentieth Century – Militant Organizations in Western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s". In Police force, Randall D. (ed.). The Routledge History of Terrorism. Routledge Histories (1st ed.). London, England: Routledge. pp. 297–314. ISBN978-0-367-86705-viii. LCCN 2014039877. Retrieved 3 Dec 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Chaliand, Gérard (2010). The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda (1st ed.). Berkeley, California: Academy of California Printing. ISBN978-0-520-24709-three . Retrieved xix Nov 2021 – via Net Archive.
  • "Red Brigades". CISAC. Stanford University. May 2008. Retrieved i Apr 2020.
  • Clark, Simon (2018). "Post-War Italian Politics: Stasis and Chaos". Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism (Due east-volume ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Center for Security Policy Studies. ISBN978-1-732-94780-1. LCCN 2018955266. Retrieved 28 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Martin, Augustus; Prager, Fynnwin (2019). "Function II: The Terrorists – Terror from Beneath: Terrorism by Dissidents". Terrorism: An International Perspective. One thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. pp. 189–193. ISBN978-ane-526-45995-4. LCCN 2018948259. Retrieved 27 December 2021 – via Google Books.
  • "Red Brigades announce finish of their struggle to overthrow German state". The Irish Times. 22 Apr 1998. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  • Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie; Weinberg, Leonard (2009). Political Parties and Terrorist Groups (hardback second ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-77536-6 . Retrieved 27 December 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Raufer, Xavier (October–Dec 1993). "The Red Brigades: A Farewell to Arms". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. London, England: Routledge. 16 (iv): 315–325. doi:x.1080/10576109308435937.

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Far-left politics at Wikimedia Commons

hallthatence.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-left_politics

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